FSR Volume 7 Number 2目次摘要

Forensic Sciences Research 

Volume 7 Number 2

Original Article

Sex estimation in a Turkish population using Purkait's triangle: a virtual approach by 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT)

应用Purkait三角对土耳其人群进行性别推断——基于三维计算机断层扫描（3D-CT）的虚拟方法

Julieta G. García-Donas, Suna Ors, Ercan Inci, Elena F. Kranioti, Oguzhan Ekizoglu, Negahnaz Moghaddam & Silke Grabherr

ABSTRACT

Sex estimation is considered one of the first steps in the forensic identification process. Morphological and morphometrical differences between males and females have been used as means for morphoscopic and metric methods on both cranial and postcranial skeletal elements. When dry skeletal elements are not available, virtual data can be used as a substitute. The present research explores 3-dimensional (3D) scans from a Turkish population to test a sex estimation method developed by Purkait (2005).

Overall, 296 individuals were used in this study (158 males and 138 females). Purkait's triangle parameters were measured on computed tomography (CT) scans obtained from both right and left femora of each patient at the Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training Research Hospital (Istanbul, Turkey). Intra- and inter-observer errors were assessed for all variables through technical error of measurements analysis. Bilateral asymmetry and sex differences were evaluated using parametric and non-parametric statistical approaches. Univariate and multivariate discriminant function analyses were then conducted.

Observer errors demonstrated an overall agreement within and between experts, as indicated by technical error of measurement (TEM) results. No bilateral asymmetries were reported, and all parameters demonstrated a statistically significant difference between males and females. Fourteen discriminant models were generated by applying single and combined parameters, producing a total correct sex classification ranging from 78.4% to 92.6%. In addition, over 67% of the total sample was accurately classified, with 95% or greater posterior probabilities.

Our study demonstrates the feasibility of 3D sex estimation using Purkait's triangle on a Turkish population, with accuracy rates comparable to those reported in other populations. This is the first attempt to apply this method on virtual data and although further validation and standardisation are recommended for its application on dry bone, this research constitutes a significant contribution to the development of population-specific standards when only virtual data are available.

Key points

· CT analysis using Purkait's triangle is a suitable tool for assessment of sex in unidentified individuals.

· The best overall estimation rate was achieved with the F11 model, with around 92% of accuracy.

· The results suggested 78.4% to 92.6% correct sex identification rates.

· More research is needed to expand the sample set and verify the results.

摘要

性别推断是个体识别过程中的第一步。基于颅骨和颅下骨骼性别差异的形态学和计量学方法已被用于性别推断。当无法获得干燥的骨骼时，采集虚拟数据可作为辅助手段。本研究通过土耳其人群的三维扫描结果，以测试基于Purkait三角（2005）的性别推断方法的准确性。

本研究共使用了296例个体（158位男性，138位女性）。通过计算机断层扫描（computed tomography，CT）测量每个患者左右股骨的Purkait三角参数，数据来源于土耳其伊斯坦布尔的Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk培训研究医院。通过测量技术误差分析评估所有变量的观察者内和观察者间误差。采用参数和非参数统计方法对双侧不对称性和性别差异进行评估。随后进行单变量和多变量的判别函数分析。

测量技术误差（technical error of measurement，TEM）结果反映了专家内部和专家之间的观察者误差呈整体一致性。结果无双侧不对称的情况，所有参数反映的性别差异均具有显著的统计学意义。本研究利用单个和组合参数建立了14个判别模型，性别推断准确率为78.4%—92.6%。此外，总样本准确判别率超过67%，后验概率超过95%。

本研究证明了在土耳其人群中应用Purkait三角进行三维性别推断的可行性，其准确率与其他人群的研究结果相当。这是首次应用虚拟数据进行推断。虽然本研究仍建议应用干燥骨骼实施进一步的验证和标准化，但在仅有虚拟数据的情况下，该方法对制定特定人群性别推断的标准具有指导价值。

关键点

· 使用Purkait三角的CT分析可用于评估不明身份的个体性别。

· F11模型的总体评估率最佳，准确率约为92%。

· 结果表明本研究的性别推断准确率为78.4%—92.6%。

· 需要进一步研究以扩大样本量并验证结果。

Age estimation of individuals aged 5–23 years based on dental development of the Indonesian population

基于印度尼西亚人群牙齿发育状况对5—23岁的个体进行年龄推断Adisty Setyari Putri, Nurtami Soedarsono, Benindra Nehemia, Djaja Surya Atmadja & Douglas H. Ubelaker

ABSTRACT

Dental development can be used to estimate age for forensic purposes. However, most of the currently available methods are less reliable for the Indonesian population due to population variability. This study presents a new method and evaluates other methods that utilize dental development to estimate the age of Indonesian people. Panoramic radiographs of 304 young Indonesian people aged 5–23 years old were analysed for deciduous tooth root resorption, permanent tooth calcification, and eruption. The extent of tooth root resorption was determined based on AlQahtani's modified Moorrees et al. method. Tooth calcification was classified based on a modified Demirjian et al. method. Tooth eruption was evaluated based on AlQahtani's modified Bengston system. The sequence of tooth root resorption, and permanent tooth calcification and eruption were grouped into 19 age categories (from 5–23 years old) in an atlas. The differences between males and females, between maxillary and mandibular teeth, and between right and left teeth were also analysed. There were minimal significant differences of tooth development between males and females, and between the right and left teeth (P > 0.05), while the maxillary and mandibular dental development was significantly different (P < 0.05). The newly developed atlas showed the development of the right side of maxillary and mandibular tooth of combined sex of Indonesian population. Another 34 panoramic radiographs of known-age and sex individuals from Indonesia were assessed using the newly developed Atlas of Dental Development in the Indonesian Population, Ubelaker's Dental Development Chart, The London Atlas of Human Tooth Development and Eruption by AlQahtani, and the Age Estimation Guide-Modern Australia population by Blenkin-Taylor. Accuracy was assessed by comparing estimated age to actual chronological age using the Bland-Altmand test. Results show that the smallest range of error was found in the Atlas of Dental Development in the Indonesian Population (−0.969 to 1.210 years), followed by The London Atlas of Human Tooth Development and Eruption by AlQahtani (−2.013 to 1.990 years), the Age Estimation Guide-Modern Australia population by Blenkin-Taylor (−2.495 to 2.598 years), and the Dental Development Chart by Ubelaker (−2.960 to 3.289 years). These findings show that the Atlas of Dental Development constructed in this study performs better than the other three methods and presents greater accuracy of age estimation in the Indonesian population.

Key points

·Dental development such as deciduous tooth root resorption, permanent tooth calcification, and tooth eruption can be used to estimate age for forensic purposes.

·The development of the teeth are influenced by genetic, ethnicity, and sex, therefore an age estimation method must be constructed based on the same population.

·There were minimal significant differences in tooth development between male and female, and between right and left teeth, but there was significant difference between maxillary and mandibular teeth.

·The Atlas of Dental Development in the Indonesian Population constructed in this study allowed more accurate age estimation of the Indonesian sample than the other methods tested.

摘要

牙齿发育状况可用于法医学年龄推断。然而，由于印度尼西亚人群的多样性，大多数现行方法均不太准确。本研究建立了一种新的推断方法，并对其他利用牙齿发育推断印度尼西亚人群年龄的方法进行评估。对304名年龄在5—23岁的印度尼西亚人的全景X光片进行分析，以了解其乳牙根吸收、恒牙钙化和萌出情况。根据AlQahtani改良的Moorrees方法确定牙根吸收程度；基于改良的Demirjian方法对牙齿钙化情况进行分类；应用AlQahtani改良的Bengston系统对牙齿萌出情况进行评估。牙根吸收、恒牙钙化和萌出的顺序被归入19个年龄组（从5—23岁）的图谱。本研究分析了男女、上下颌牙齿以及左右牙齿之间的差异，发现男女之间以及左右牙之间的牙齿发育差异极小（P>0.05），而上下颌的牙齿发育则有明显差异（P<0.05）。新绘制的图谱显示了印度尼西亚人群合并性别的右侧上下颌牙齿的发育情况。本研究应用新绘制的印度尼西亚人群牙齿发育图谱、Ubelaker牙齿发育图谱、AlQahtani伦敦人类牙齿发育萌出图谱以及Blenkin-Taylor针对现代澳大利亚人群的年龄估计指南，对另外34张印度尼西亚已知年龄和性别个体的全景X光片进行评估。通过使用Bland-Altmand测试比较推断年龄与实际年龄来评估准确性。结果显示，印度尼西亚人群牙齿发育图谱的误差范围最小（-0.969至1.210岁），其次是AlQahtani伦敦人类牙齿发育萌出图谱（-2.013至1.990岁）、Blenkin-Taylor针对现代澳大利亚人群的年龄估计指南（-2.495至2.598岁），以及Ubelaker牙齿发育图谱（-2.960至3.289岁）。上述结果表明，应用本研究建立的牙齿发育图谱对印度尼西亚人群进行的年龄推断相较其他三种方法更为准确。

关键点

·牙齿发育状况，如牙根吸收、恒牙钙化和牙齿萌出，可用于进行年龄推断。

·牙齿的发育受遗传、种族和性别影响，因此必须在相同人群的基础上构建年龄推断方法。

·男女之间以及左右牙齿之间的牙齿发育差异很小，但上下颌牙齿之间有明显的差异。

·与其他测试方法相比，本研究建立的印度尼西亚人群牙齿发育图谱更适用于该人群样本的年龄推断。

Stature estimation from footprint measurements in Bangladeshi adults

基于孟加拉国成年人脚印测量的身高推断

Md Asadujjaman, Md Harun Or Rashid, Md Sohel Rana & Md Mosharraf Hossain

ABSTRACT

The estimation of stature is very important in forensic investigation, as it provides useful data that can narrow the pool of potentially matching identities. The purpose of this study was to develop formulae for the estimation of stature from footprint measurements in Bangladeshi adults. This study included 118 randomly selected men and 130 randomly selected women, all aged 18–50 years. From each participant, stature and six footprint measurements were taken by means of standard measurement techniques. Footprint measurements were found to be positively correlated with stature. Stature was estimated by using linear regression equations. The right T1 length in men (R: +0.587, R²: 0.345) and the right T2 length in women (R: +0.506, R²: 0.256) were the most reliable individual estimators of stature. However, when data were combined for both sexes, the right T2 length was identified as the most reliable estimator of stature, with higher values of R (+0.792) and R² (0.627). In conclusion, human stature can be successfully estimated by using footprint measurements; this finding can be applied in forensic research and investigation.

摘要

身高推断在法医调查中至关重要，因为其提供的数据可缩小潜在的身份匹配范围。本研究旨在通过对孟加拉国成年人脚印测量以制定身高推断公式。该项研究包括随机选择的118名男性和130名女性，年龄为18—50岁。通过标准化的测量技术对每个参与者的身高进行测量，并对脚印重复测量6次。结果发现，脚印测量与身高呈正相关。通过线性回归方程进行身高推断。男性的右侧T1长度（R：+0.587，R²：0.345）和女性的右侧T2长度（R：+0.506，R²：0.256）是最可靠的个体身高推断指标。然而，当结合两性数据时，右侧T2长度最为可靠，其R值（+0.792）和R²（0.627）更高。总之，个体身高可以通过脚印测量成功推断；这一发现可以应用于法医学研究和调查。

Sequencing of human identification markers in an Uyghur population using the MiSeq FGx^TM Forensic Genomics System

使用MiSeq FGx^TM法医基因组学系统对维吾尔族人群的个体识别标记进行测序

Halimureti Simayijiang, Niels Morling & Claus Børsting

ABSTRACT

Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) offers a useful alternative to capillary electrophoresis (CE) based analysis of human identification markers in forensic genetics. By sequencing short tandem repeats (STRs) instead of determining the fragment lengths by CE, the sequence variation within the repeat region and the flanking regions may be identified. In this study, we typed 264 Uyghur individuals using the MiSeq FGx^™ Forensic Genomics System and Primer Mix A of the ForenSeq^™ DNA Signature Prep Kit that amplifies 27 autosomal STRs, 25 Y-STRs, seven X-STRs, and 94 HID-SNPs. STRinNGS v.1.0 and GATK 3.6 were used to analyse the STR regions and HID-SNPs, respectively. Increased allelic diversity was observed for 33 STRs with the PCR-MPS assay. The largest increases were found in DYS389II and D12S391, where the numbers of sequenced alleles were 3–4 times larger than those of alleles determined by repeat length alone. A relatively large number of flanking region variants (28 SNPs and three InDels) were observed in the Uyghur population. Seventeen of the flanking region SNPs were rare, and 12 of these SNPs had no accession number in dbSNP. The combined mean match probability and typical paternity index based on 26 sequenced autosomal STRs were 3.85E−36 and 1.49E + 16, respectively. This was 10 000 times lower and 1 000 times higher, respectively, than the same parameters calculated from STR repeat lengths.

Key points

·Sequencing data on STRs and SNPs used for human identification are presented for the Uyghur population.

·STRinNGS v.1.0 was used to analyse the flanking regions of STRs.

·The concordance between PCR-CE and PCR-MPS results was 99.86%.

·Detection of sequence variation in STRs and their flanking regions increased the allelic diversity.

摘要

大规模平行测序（massively parallel sequencing，MPS）为法医遗传学中基于毛细管电泳（capillary electrophoresis，CE）的个体识别标记分析提供了一种有用的替代方法。通过对短串联重复序列（short tandem repeats，STRs）进行测序，而非通过CE确定片段长度，可以确定重复区域和侧翼区域内的序列变化。本研究使用MiSeq FGx^™法医基因组学系统和ForenSeq^™ DNA Signature Prep Kit的Primer Mix A对264名维吾尔族人进行了分型，该系统可扩增27条常染色体STRs、25条Y-STRs、7条X-STRs和94条HID-SNPs。STRinNGS v.1.0和GATK 3.6分别用于分析STR区域和HID-SNPs。在PCR-MPS检测中，观察到33个STRs的等位基因多样性增加。在DYS389II和D12S391中发现最大幅度的增加，其中测序的等位基因的数量比仅由重复长度确定的等位基因的数量大3—4倍。在维吾尔族人群中观察到相对大量的侧翼区变异（28个SNPs和3个InDels）。17个侧翼区SNPs较为罕见，其中12个SNPs在dbSNP中未被编号。基于26个测序的常染色体STRs的综合平均匹配概率和典型父权指数分别为3.85E-36和1.49E+16，比根据STR重复长度计算的相同参数分别低10 000倍和高1 000倍。

关键点

·介绍了基于维吾尔族人群个体识别的STRs和SNPs测序数据。

·本研究应用STRinNGS v.1.0分析STRs的侧翼区域。

·PCR-CE和PCR-MPS结果的一致性为99.86%。

·检测STRs及其侧翼区域的序列变异增加了等位基因的多样性。

Histopathological, histochemical and biochemical postmortem changes in induced fatal hypothermia in rats

大鼠诱导性致命性低温的组织病理学、组织化学和生物化学变化

Mahrous Abdelbasset Ibrahim, Sally Salem Mohammed, Hany Goda Tammam, Rehab Ibrahim Abdel-Karim & Medhat Mohammed Farag

ABSTRACT

Reaching a postmortem diagnosis of hypothermia is challenging in forensic practice. Therefore, this study was conducted to detect the histopathological, histochemical and biochemical changes that occur in adult albino rats following exposure to induced fatal hypothermia. Twenty-four adult albino rats were divided into the negative control, moderate hypothermia, severe hypothermia and hypoxia groups. Rats in the control group were euthanized when those in the moderate hypothermic group died. Blood samples were collected via heart puncture, and the cerebrum, heart, suprarenal gland, kidney, liver and skeletal muscle were removed to investigate the biochemical, histochemical and histopathological changes. Postmortem assessment depicted significant changes in lipid peroxidation, represented by increased malondialdehyde levels in the studied organs of the rats in hypothermic and hypoxia groups. Histopathological examination of the rats' organs revealed degeneration and necrosis in the hypothermia and hypoxia groups. Sections taken from the severe hypothermic rats revealed a loss of normal cardiac tissue architecture, necrotic changes in the pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex, and massive necrosis, mainly in the tubules of the renal cortex and medulla. These findings suggest that histological changes might be used as biochemical markers for postmortem diagnosing of fatal hypothermia, particularly in severe hypothermic conditions.

Key points

·Death by hypothermia is a serious public health problem worldwide.

·Confirming a diagnosis and determining the cause of death in cases of hypothermia are among the most difficult practices in forensic medicine.

·Death by hypothermia might be associated with structural abnormalities in various organs.

·Studies using different tissue staining techniques will enable an overall illustration of the role of histopathological changes in body organs as indicators of hypothermia.

摘要

在法医实践中，对低体温症进行死后诊断是一项挑战。对此，本研究旨在检测成年白化大鼠在暴露于诱导性致命低温后发生的组织病理学、组织化学和生物化学变化。将24只成年白化大鼠分为阴性对照组、中度低温组、严重低温组和缺氧组。在中度低温组的大鼠死亡后，对对照组大鼠施行安乐死。通过心脏穿刺采集血样，并取出大脑、心脏、肾上腺、肾脏、肝脏和骨骼肌，观察其生化、组织化学和组织病理学变化。尸检结果显示，低体温组和缺氧组大鼠的脂质过氧化程度有明显变化，表现为丙二醛含量的增加。组织病理学检查显示，低温和缺氧组的大鼠器官出现了变性和坏死。严重低温组大鼠病理切片显示，心脏组织丧失正常结构，大脑皮层中的锥体细胞坏死，肾皮质和髓质小管大量坏死。本研究表明，组织学变化可作为生化指标，用于推断致命性低温症，特别是在严重低温的条件下。

关键点

·体温过低导致的死亡是世界范围的严重公共卫生问题。

·在体温过低的情况下诊断和确定死因是法医学的一大难题。

·体温过低导致的死亡可能与各种器官的结构异常有关。

·应用不同的组织染色技术，有助于观察各器官的组织病理学变化，从而作为低温症的诊断指标。

Histological examination of carotid artery tissue in cases of ligature strangulation and hanging

颈动脉组织学检查在勒死和自缢死案例中的应用

Julia Ulbricht, Burkhard Madea & Elke Doberentz

ABSTRACT

Violence against the neck can result in a range of macromorphological and micromorphological findings. However, the forensic relevance of the carotid sinus in cases of violence against the neck remains controversial. In this follow-up study of 22 cases of suicidal and accidental strangulations, carotid bifurcations were examined histologically for morphological changes implying direct trauma, including haemorrhage and immunohistochemical expression of heat-shock proteins 27, 60, and 70 and aquaporin-3. These cases were compared with a control group (82 cases) without neck compression or head trauma and with variable causes of death. No relevant histopathological findings implying direct trauma of the carotid bifurcation were found. No cases showed positive aquaporin-3 staining and only five cases showed positive heat-shock protein-27 staining, all of which were hangings. Without massive trauma of the carotid bifurcation, histological alterations cannot be expected. Without signs of rapid death, findings of acute circulatory failure, macromorphological and micromorphological findings of neck compression, and reliable markers indicating relevant impact on the carotid bifurcation the diagnosis of a lethal reflex cannot be verified.

Key points

·Among 22 cases of strangulation causing death, there were 16 cases of hanging and 6 cases of ligature strangulation.

·Few cases showed small haemorrhages located predominantly in the surrounding fat and connective tissues; however, the haemorrhages did not have any effects on the tissues.

·Neck compression had minimal effects on heat shock protein 27 expression in carotid artery tissue.

·Aquaporin-3 staining suggested it is not a useful marker for relevant neck pressure, or that there had not been any relevant neck impact.

·Our findings suggested no direct evidence for reflex cardiac death resulting from a brief force against the neck.

摘要

对颈部施加暴力可伴随一系列的宏观和微观形态学表现。然而，在颈部遭受暴力的案件中，颈动脉窦的法医学意义仍具有争议。本研究通过对22例自缢和意外勒死案件的跟踪研究，观察颈动脉分叉处的组织学变化，包括出血和热休克蛋白27、60和70以及水通道蛋白-3的免疫组织化学表达。将案例组与对照组（82例）进行比较，后者无颈部压迫或头部外伤史，死亡原因不一。未发现颈动脉分叉直接损伤的相关组织病理学结果，两组均无水通道蛋白-3染色阳性结果，仅有5例自缢死案例显示热休克蛋白-27染色阳性。如果颈动脉分叉处无大面积创伤，就无法推断一定存在组织学改变。在不存在快速死亡、急性循环衰竭、颈部受压的宏观和微观表现，且无可靠的标志物证明颈动脉分叉受影响的情况下，不能够做出颈动脉窦反射死的诊断。

关键点

·在22例案例中，有16例为自缢死，6例为勒死。

·少数案例在位于颈动脉周围的脂肪和结缔组织中发现小量出血；然而，出血对组织无影响。

·颈部受压对颈动脉组织中热休克蛋白27的表达影响很小。

·水通道蛋白-3染色表明该指标不能证明颈部有无受到压迫。

·本研究结果显示，无直接证据表明颈部在受到短暂压迫后会引起反射性的心脏骤停。

Fingerprint analysis for the determination of hand origin (right/left) using the axis slant in whorl patterns

利用螺旋型指纹轴线斜度确定左右手的指纹分析

Neeti Kapoor, Ashish Badiye & Swati Dubey Mishra

ABSTRACT

Fingerprints are frequently encountered during both civil and criminal investigations. Fingerprints possess numerous characteristics that assist with personal identification. Determining the hand of origin (right or left) for an individual fingerprint would help reduce investigation time and potentially eliminate certain suspects. In this study, we collected a total of 2 900 single digit fingerprints from 290 individuals, and the whorl axis slant was examined in the 743 whorl pattern fingerprints (385 from the right hand and 358 from the left hand). A slant towards the right side was present in 81.82% of samples from the right hand, while a slant towards the left side was observed in 80.73% of samples from the left hand. After applying a chi-square test to the dataset, the results were found to be statistically significant for the determination of hand origin. Our results suggest that the whorl axis slant in a fingerprint is indicative of hand origin (right or left).

Key points

·Single digit fingerprints with whorl pattern were analyzed.

·Whorl “axis slant” was used to determine the hand origin.

·Right axis slant would indicate the right hand of the print.

·Left axis slant would indicate the left hand of the print.

摘要

在民事和刑事案件的调查中经常会遇到指纹鉴定。指纹具有许多特征，有助于个人身份识别。确定指纹来自左手还是右手将有助于缩短调查时间，并有可能排除某些嫌疑人。本研究共收集了290个人的2900枚单指指纹，并对743枚螺旋型指纹（385枚来自右手，358枚来自左手）的轴线斜度进行了检验。结果显示，81.82%的右手样本的轴线存在向右侧倾斜的现象，而80.73%的左手样本存在向左侧倾斜的现象。在对数据集进行卡方检验后，发现这些结果对确定手的来源具有统计学意义。结果表明，指纹中的螺旋型指纹轴线斜度能够确定左右手。

关键点

·本研究对螺旋型单指指纹进行了分析。

·螺旋型指纹的“轴线斜度”被用来确定左右手。

·右轴倾斜表示指纹来自右手。

·左轴倾斜表示指纹来自左手。

Case Reports

Friction ridge analysis in disaster victim identification (DVI): Brazilian case studies

灾难受害者个体识别（disaster victim identification，DVI）的指纹乳突纹线分析：一项巴西的案例研究

Marco Antonio de Souza, Gabriel de Oliveira Urtiaga, Renata Cristina Grangeiro Ferreira, Luciene Marques da Silva, Jade Kende Gonçalves Umbelino, Flávio Roberto de Melo & Simone de Jesus

ABSTRACT

Depending on the magnitude and nature of a disaster, identifying the victims can be a complex task that requires coordinated work by disaster victim identification (DVI) teams based on pre-established protocols. Thus, the analysis of fingerprints has been presented as a method to establish, when possible, the identity of the victims during the DVI process. This study discusses the importance of this primary method of identification and the results obtained in four different disasters in which Brazilian DVI teams were involved: the Air France Flight AF447 plane crash in the Atlantic Ocean, floods and mudslides in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the LaMia Flight 2933 plane crash in Colombia, and the tailings dam collapse in Brumadinho, Brazil. Here, we also report the use of the automatic fingerprint capture and identification system, called Alethia, developed by the Federal Police of Brazil and used in the victim identification process in the two latter events mentioned above.

Key points

·This article presents four different disasters that occurred in Brazil and overseas and involved Brazilian DVI teams in the identification process, focusing on fingerprint identification (Air France Flight AF447, floods and mudslides in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, LaMia Flight 2933, and the Brumadinho tailings dam collapse).

·This article also describes the evolution of the DVI process in Brazil, including a description of the technology currently used by Brazilian fingerprint experts (Alethia).

·This article reports how the Alethia System was used in the disasters and how it optimized the human identification process when compared to traditional methods.

摘要

基于灾难的规模和性质，受害者个体识别可能是一项复杂的任务，需要灾难受害者识别（disaster victim identification，DVI）小组根据预先确定的协议开展协调工作。因此，在DVI过程中，指纹分析（如果有实施条件）可以用来确定受害者的身份。本研究讨论了该识别方法的重要性，以及在巴西DVI小组参与的四场不同的灾难中的实际应用：大西洋法航AF447失事、巴西里约热内卢州洪水和山体滑坡、哥伦比亚LaMia 2933空难，以及巴西布鲁马迪纽溃坝事故。在此，我们还报告了由巴西联邦警察开发的自动指纹采集和识别系统Alethia的使用情况，以及该系统在上述后两个事件的受害者识别过程中的使用。

关键点

·本文介绍了发生在巴西和其他国家地区的四个灾难事件（法航AF447失事、巴西里约热内卢州的洪水和山体滑坡、LaMia 2933空难，布鲁马迪纽溃坝事故），以及参与指纹个体识别工作的巴西DVI团队。

·这篇文章还描述了DVI过程在巴西的演变，包括对巴西指纹专家目前使用的技术Alethia的描述。

·本研究报告了Alethia系统在灾难中使用的情况，以及与传统方法相比的优势。

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在应用Kvaal方法时，是否可以单独使用尖牙来估计中国人的年龄？

Mujia Li, Jiamin Zhao, Wenjie Chen, Xin Chen, Guang Chu, Teng Chen & Yucheng Guo

Radiological determination of the cranial index of present-day Ghanaians

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Benard Ohene Botwe, Jeffrey Nana Afari Boadu, Kofi Adesi Kyei, John D. & Thompson

Mitochondrial genome sequencing with short overlapping amplicons on MiSeq FGx system

应用MiSeq FGx系统对短重叠扩增子进行线粒体基因组测序

Yang Xin, Rulin Jia, Suhua Zhang & Fei Guo

Comprehensive analyses for genetic diversities of 19 autosomal STRs in Chinese Kazak group and its phylogenetic relationships with other continental populations

中国哈萨克族19种常染色体STR的遗传多样性的综合分析及其与其他大陆人群的系统发育关系

Yijie Wang, Xiaoye Jin, Wenqing Zhang, Wei Cui, Tingting Kong, Chong Chen, Yuxin Guo, Haotian Meng & Bofeng Zhu

Validation of the Investigator 24plex QS Kit: a 6-dye multiplex PCR assay for forensic application in the Chinese Han population

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Ruiyang Tao, Chong Chen, Xiang Sheng, Ruocheng Xia, Xiaochun Zhang, Jingyi Zhang, Zihao Yang, Suhua Zhang & Chengtao Li

Genetic polymorphisms and phylogenetic analyses of the Ü-Tsang Tibetan from Lhasa based on 30 slowly and moderately mutated Y-STR loci

基于30个缓慢和中度突变Y-STR位点的拉萨于阗藏族遗传多态性和系统发育分析

Jiuyang Ding, Haoliang Fan, Yongsong Zhou, Zhuo Wang, Xiao Wang, Xuheng Song, Bofeng Zhu & Pingming Qiu

Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of Chinese Han and Li ethnic populations from Hainan Island by 30 autosomal insertion/deletion polymorphisms

海南岛汉族和黎族人群30个常染色体插入/缺失多态性遗传多样性和系统发育分析

Jing Liu, Ziwei Ye, Zheng Wang, Xing Zou, Guanglin He, Mengge Wang, Shouyu Wang & Yiping Hou

Genetic polymorphisms of 16 X-STR loci in the Hani population from Southwest China

中国西南地区哈尼族人群16个X-STR基因位点的遗传多态性研究

Linlin Liu, Jinyong Yao, Yangzhi Huang, Lei Gao, Jiameng Dai, Xiaokun Yuan, Xiufeng Zhang, Shengjie Nie & Liping Hu

Anthropological analyses of 30 insertion/deletion autosomal markers in five major ethnic groups of Pakistan

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Muhammad Adnan Shan, Julie Mechlenborg, Rebecca Røgen, Claus Børsting & Niels Morling

Assessment of the forensic application of 50 Y-STR markers in a large pedigree

50个Y-STR标记在大型族系中的法医学应用评估

Yi Ye, Yuran An, Yiwen Yang, Hao Wu, Yuzi Zheng & Linchuan Liao

Analysis of sensitivity and specificity: precise recognition of neutrophils during regeneration of contused skeletal muscle in rats

敏感性和特异性分析：精准识别大鼠挫伤骨骼肌再生过程中的中性粒细胞

Jiajia Niu, Guoshuai An, Zhen Gu, Peng Li, Qiqing Liu, Rufeng Bai, Junhong Sun & Qiuxiang Du

The histopathological spectrum of myocardial inflammation in relation to circumstance of death: a retrospective cohort study in clinical and forensic autopsies

死亡环境相关心肌炎症的组织病理学图像分析：一项法医临床和病理学回顾性队列研究

Romy du Long, Judith Fronczek, Hans W. M. Niessen, Allard C. van der Wal & Hans H. de Boer

Postmortem CT in decedents with SARS-CoV-2 infection. A single institution experience

SARS-CoV-2感染者的死后CT：一项单一机构经验

Mariam Thomas, Fereidoun Abtin, Antoinette Roth, Catherine Yim, Anokh Pahwa, Jeremy Paige & Odey Ukpo

Self-identification of electronically scanned signatures (ESS) and digitally constructed signatures (DCS)

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Zuzanna Kazmierczyk & Ian J. Turner

Determination of multiple drugs of abuse in human urine using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and capillary electrophoresis with PDA detection

应用分散液-液微萃取法和毛细管电泳法检测人体尿液中的多种滥用药物

Liang Meng, Shuhai Ye, Yilin Wu & Linda You

Methods for fusing uncertain results obtained from different models in accident reconstruction

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Tiefang Zou & Fenglin He

Social media video analysis methodology for sarin exposure

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Sadik Toprak, Emine Yilmaz Can, Bulent Altinsoy, John Hart, Zekeriya Dogan & Mustafa Ozcetin

Segmental hair analysis for flunitrazepam and 7-aminoflunitrazepam in users: a comparison to existing literature

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Yue Zhuo, Ping Xiang, Jingjie Wu & Xin Wang

Case Reports

Identification of a female murder victim found in Burgenland, Austria in 1993

对1993年在奥地利布尔根兰州发现的一名女性凶杀案受害者的个体识别

Christine Lehn, Andreas Rossmann, Matthias Graw & Gareth R. Davies

The need for a complete dental autopsy of unidentified edentulous human remains

对身份不明的牙齿缺失遗骸进行完整牙科解剖的必要性

Emilio Nuzzolese & Mario Torreggianti

【摘要翻译：曹永杰】

Forensic Sciences Research

Sponsor: Academy of Forensic Science

Website: www.tandfonline.com/tfsr

Submission System: www.editorialmanager.com/tfsr

E-mail: [e-mail]

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《中国司法鉴定》2022年第3期目次